Study 1.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training results in enhanced activation of spinal stabilizing muscles during spinal loading and improvements in pain ratings.
"Analysis of results revealed clinically and statistically significant improvements in indicators of both muscle groups' performance, as evidenced by ultrasound evaluation of activation during voluntary activity. These improvements were associated with significant improvements in self reported pain levels, suggesting that NMES has an important role to play in Chronic Lower Back Pain rehabilitation."
Coghlan, S., Crowe, L., McCarthypersson, U., Minogue, C., & Caulfield, B. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22256103/